The Nature Of Philosophy On The Book Apology By Plato

Short Essay Question: The Nature of Philosophy In the book Apology by Plato, Socrates refers himself to a gadfly as a metaphor of his service to his community and city. In this essence, Socrates was explaining to the people of Athens that like an annoying gadfly to a horse, his service through his insights and challenges to the people in authority is in fact for their own benefit (Brickhouse, 121). A gadfly agitates a horse out of sluggishness and ends up benefitting the horse as it ends up feeding and being productive. Socrates through his insights and questioning of the people around the city was a means of passing knowledge. The debates they generated enlightened a lot of the Athenians of corruption and negligence conducted by the people in power. It is for this reason that the mighty people in the government ensured that they defeated Socrates before he stirred up a revolution against their system. This metaphor is considered a characteristic of philosophy because it fundamentally elaborates the basic thought behind philosoph y as a discipline and a school of thought. Philosophy can be defined as the study of ideas to denote knowledge, truth and meaning of these ideas in relation to human life. In this regard therefore, philosophy becomes a study of the underlying issues and facts to explain the nature of our realities. The gadfly metaphor is thus considered a characteristic of philosophy as it pertains to the aspect of people analyzing and defining their realitiesShow MoreRelatedBiography of Socrates, An Annotated Bibliography1581 Words   |  6 Pages61-79. Humanities International Complete. Print. Dylan, the senior lecturer of the Department of Philosophy at University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg and author of several articles provides the argument that a satisfactory interpretation of human wisdom can be given in terms of â€Å"philosophia†.He confirms his analysis by its resolution of some enduring difficulties in the interpretation of Apology and also by providing the answer as to why Socrates continued to search for knowledge which he thoughtRead MoreThe Great Philosopher728 Words   |  3 PagesBowman Mrs. Rose Ap History January 21, 2017 The Great Philosopher Plato Plato is known as one of ancient Greece’s greatest philosophers. Plato was born in Athens, Greece during 428 BCE. Some people believe that Plato s real name is Aristocles, if in fact this is true he would have received this name from his grandfather. Historians believed that Plato had two full brother, one sister, and one half brother. They are unsure if Plato was the eldest. They believe that he was since he inherited his grandfatherRead More Platos Criticism of Democracy Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pagesunjust and illegal happenings in the city. A man who really fights for justice must lead a private, not a public, life if he is to survive for even a short time. (Apology 31e-32a) These are the words of Socrates, who spoke before the Athenian jury in the trial that would, ultimately, condemn him to his death. Through works such as the Apology and The Republic, we can see Plato’s distaste of the concept of democracy. Why does he consider democracy to be so flawed? Let us look through his own eyes andRead MorePlato, An Ancient Greek Philosopher1458 Words   |  6 Pages Plato, an Ancient Greek Philosopher by Carly Rittenmeyer Bible and the Ancient World Spring 2015 Plato, a Greek Philosopher, is known for his writings that impacted people in the Ancient Greek society. He was a free thinker and lived in a free city, Athens. He was taught by multiple teachers including Socrates who was frequently mentioned in his writings as the central character. Plato’s novel, The Republic, influenced the idea of government and showsRead MoreBook Report on Apology Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesBook Report on Apology In the â€Å"Apology†, Socrates tackles his accusers against certain accusations made against him in the Court of Law of Athens, Greece. The nature of the accusation that has caused him to stand trial is such that â€Å"Socrates is an evil-doer, and a curious person, who searches into things under the earth and in heaven, and he makes the worse appear the better cause; and he teaches the aforesaid doctrines to others† (Plato. The Republic and other plays. pg-449. Doubleday publishing;Read MoreDo Not Be Angry With Me For Speaking Th1627 Words   |  7 Pagesunjust and illegal happenings in the city. A man who really fights for justice must lead a private, not a public, life if he is to survive for even a short time. (Apology 31e-32a) These are the words of Socrates, who spoke before the Athenian jury in the trial that would, ultimately, condemn him to his death. Through works such as the Apology and The Republic, we can see Plato’s distaste of the concept of democracy. Why does he consider democracy to be so flawed? Let us look through his own eyes andRead MoreSocrates as Philosopher King Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pageswriters have left a unique stamp on humanity.   But only a select few can be said to have changed history.   The legendary Athenian, Socrates, was one such figure.   Socrates ushered in an era of philosophical inquiry that still lingers to this day.   In Book Seven of Platos The Republic, Socrates outlines his perfect regime.   According to Socrates, an enlightened Philosopher-King must rule such a regime.   Now suppose this Republic actually came into being, and Socrates was asked to rule it as a PhilosopherRead MorePlato Is One Of The Greatest And Well Known Philosophers1388 W ords   |  6 Pages Plato is one of the greatest and well known philosophers of all time. Born around 428 BC, Plato grew up in Greece learning from Socrates, another well known philosopher. Later in life, Plato taught Aristotle who was also a well known philosopher. His works of writing and thoughts about life have significantly impacted the Western culture in numerous ways. In selected readings of Plato, he seems to place importance on wisdom, and how to attain wisdom. Plato argues that in order to attain pure knowledgeRead MoreThe Trial and Death of Socrates Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesThe portrayal of Socrates, through the book â€Å"the trial and death of Socrates† is one that has created a fairly controversial character in Western history. In many ways, Socrates changed the idea of common philosophy in ancient Greece; he transformed their view on philosophy from a study of why the way things are, into a consideration man. Specifically, he analyzed the virtue and he alth of the human soul. Along side commending Socrates for his strong beliefs, and having the courage to stand by thoseRead More Apology for Poetry Essay1900 Words   |  8 PagesAn â€Å"Apology for Poetry† is a compelling essay refuting the attack on poetry by Puritan and fundamentalist Stephen Gosson. This complex article written by Sir Phillip Sidney represents the decisive rebuttal defending poetry. His strong emotive passages defend the uncongenial comments of poetry from Gosson. Although, his justification for the rebuttal is alluded to Gosson’s durable attacks on poetry; it is known Gosson’s remarks prompt Sidney’s attitude to defend not only against Gosson but as well

Personal Learning And Insights From Ob 1 Class Sessions,...

MANAGING SELF ASSIGNMENT Personal Learning Paper of max 8 pages in length summarizing the key learning and insights derived from OB 1 class sessions, and your proposed plan for your Personal Development Plan. PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES CHECKLIST Your personal style or personality traits are an accumulation of particular traits and attributes that characterize you and make you special. Knowing your personal style and adjusting this to a vocation bearing is a key variable to joy and achievement in work/life. Realize that you can and will be required to work outside of your personal style, yet in the event that you make your profession pathway in view of your personality you will probably discover a workplace where you can act naturally. To start with personal attributes we were given a checklist and asked to identifying our personal attributes by using the attributes checklist and think about how you and others would describe you and capture who you are by doing so we were able to oneself and how others think about you. Personal attributes checklist may include: †¢ Sincere †¢ Intelligent †¢ Indecisive †¢ Warm †¢ Friendly †¢ Bold †¢ Caring †¢ Courteous †¢ Good Natured †¢ Hot Tempered †¢ Open †¢ Emotional †¢ Trustworthy †¢ outspoken JOHARI WINDOW: The Johari Window model is a basic and helpful device for outlining and enhancing mindfulness, and shared comprehension between people inside of a gathering. The Johari Window model can likewise be utilized to evaluate and enhance a bunch sShow MoreRelatedThe Key Learning And Insights Derived From Ob 1 Class Sessions, And Your Proposed Plan For Your Personal Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesMANAGING SELF ASSIGNMENT Personal Learning Paper of max 8 pages in length summarizing the key learning and insights derived from OB 1 class sessions, and your proposed plan for your Personal Development Plan. Organisational Behaviour has always been one of the subjects I have enjoyed studying. I was first introduced to this subject in college while pursuing B.B.A., but the lectures taught in college were all theoretical and not practical at all. 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Two Explanations of Depression Free Essays

Describe and evaluate two psychological explanations of depression. (25 marks) There have been several psychoanalytical theories of depression; there is no objective view of depression. However, centre to all these different theories is the idea that unconscious forces and experiences during early childhood contribute to the development of depression in adult life. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Explanations of Depression or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first theory that will be looked at is, Sigmund Fraud’s theory, based on his 1917 essay ‘Mourning and Melancholia’. Here, Fraud related depression back to the Oral stage of development during childhood. The Oral stage, according to Fraud, this is the first of several psychosexual stages through which human infants develop towards maturity. It is characterised by dependency on their caregiver. It is possible to become fixated (stuck) at any one of these stages and this has consequences for later development. Fixation can occur as the result of either over-or under-gratification. This very dependant nature makes them particularly venerable to depression in their adult life. They spend energy, money and more looking for love and attention and approval of others, this could lead to anger if their needs aren’t met. However, this anger is directed inwardly, at themselves instead of at others. An example of this is with the loss of a loved one, their anger is directed inwardly at the loss of their loved one, regressing back to the Oral stage. Fraud also distinguished between actual loss, in the case of the loss of a loved one and symbolic loss, loss of a job. However, both do lead to depression, as the individual re-experiences a childhood episode when they experienced loss of affection from a caregiver. There has also been a link between Low self-esteem and depression. Bibring’s psychodynamic theory (1965) stated that low self-esteem brought about by a harsh and critical upbringing could result in depression. This perfectionist parenting style can produce a wide inconsistency between the child’s true nature and its ideal nature, the individual fails to live up to his/her unrealistic ego-ideal. This supports the theory that fixation on a childhood stage or experience can lead to depression later in life. According to Fraud, in order to avoid loss turning into depression, the individual needs to engage in a period of mourning, work, during which s/he recalls memories of the lost one. This allows the individual to separate him/herself from the lost person, and so reduces the inner-directed anger. However, individuals very dependent on others for their sense of self-esteem may be unable to do this, and so remain extremely depressed. There is some evidence for the idea that a set of dependant personality traits characterise people with depression. However, these traits appear to fluctuate with the level of depression so they might be an effect of the disorder rather than a causal factor. There is also support for the idea that the loss of a parent to death or divorce can be linked to later depression (Bifulco et al. 1987). Further research has shown that depressed people tend to be more aggressive than a control group of people who don’t suffer from depression. The strengths of the psychodynamic approach to depression are that, firstly, there is further empirical support provided by Waller et al (2000). Men who had lost their fathers during childhood scored h igher on a depression scale than those fathers who had not died. Furthermore, Bifulco (1992) found evidence that children whose mothers died in childhood were more likely to experience depression later in life. This suggests that there is wider academic credibility for the idea of depression being caused by psychological factors. On the other hand, one weakness of Fraud’s expression is that there is contradictory evidence by Cooper et al (1992). Loss probably explains only a relatively small percentage of cases of depression – only about 10% of those who experience early loss later become depressed. This produces refuting evidence for depression being caused by psychodynamic explanations. Another weakness of Fraud’s theory is that there are methodological problems. The associated therapy (psychoanalysis) has not proven very effective with treating depression (Comer, 2002). This may be because of the difficulty depressed patients having in communicating during psychoanalysis; this proves that psychoanalysis is not always affective. Finally, Fraud’s theory is psychologically deterministic. The reason for this is because Fraud suggests that depression occurs due to a dominant superego. However, just because an individual’s superego is dominant, doesn’t mean that they will develop depression. This suggests that Freud’s theory does not take into consideration freewill. Another psychological explanation of depression is the cognitive approach. Beck (1967) was struck by the negative thinking shown by depressed clients and developed his own explanation. Here, he suggested that depressed is the depression is the result of negative thinking and catastrophising, which he called ‘cognitive errors’, Beck (1991) believes that depression is a disorder of thought, rather than of mood, he maintained that there are three components to depression, which he called the cognitive triad. This consisted of negative and pessimistic thoughts about themselves, the world and their future. In addition to the cognitive triad, Beck believed that depression prone individuals develop negative self-schema. They possess a set of beliefs and expectations about themselves that are essentially negative and pessimistic. He identified this as being routed to an early traumatic childhood event. E. g. Death of a parent or sibling, parental rejection, criticism, overprotection or neglect. It could also be due to bullying. People with negative self schemas become prone to making logical errors in their thinking and they tend to focus selectively on certain aspects of a situation while ignoring equal relevant information. Beck referred to these errors as ‘cognitive distortations’, including drawing conclusions under the basis of sufficient or irrelevant information. E. g. feeling worthless because the weather disturbed your plans to go to a concert. He called this arbitrary interference. Others include selective abstraction. This is focusing on a single aspect of a situation and ignoring others: E. g. you feel responsible for your team losing a match, even though you are simply one player on the field. Thirdly, is overgeneralisation. This is making a sweeping conclusion on the basis of single event. Others include magnification and minimisation, as well as personalisation. Beck (1983) has modified his theory over the years and he now believes there are two types of negative schema that characterise depression: 1. Sociotropy-This relates to interpersonal relationships, and individuals with this type of negative schema perceive themselves as failing at relationships. Their core belief could be something like, ‘If I am not liked by everyone, I am worthless’ 2. Autonomy-This relates to personal achievement, and individuals with this type of negative schema perceive themselves as failing to achieve work- or study-related goals. Their core belief could be something like, ‘If I am not successful and in control, I am worthless’. Cognitive theories of depression have been extremely influential and have stimulated huge amounts of research that have contributed to our understanding of the disorder and how to treat it. They have given rise to a range of therapies and, on the whole, these seem to have been very helpful for people with depression. Beck’s later idea that ndividual personality differences can predict the type of event that triggers depression could be used to explain some of the different symptoms sub-type. However, it is difficult to determine the next extent to which distorted cognitive patterns cause depression. Numerous studies have shown that depressed people do indeed show more negative thinking than the contr ol groups. However, as yet there is no convincing evidence that such thinking precedes a depressive episode. It seems likely that negative thinking is a consequence of depression and that it might well serve to maintain the disorder rather than explain its origins. One strength of the cognitive approach is that it has practical applications provided by Butler and Beck (2000). They reviewed 14 meta-analyses investigating the effectiveness of Beck’s cognitive therapy and concluded that about 80% of adults benefited from the therapy. It was also found that the therapy was more successful than drug therapy and had a lower relapse rate; supporting the proposition that depression has a cognitive basis. This suggested that knowledge of the cognitive explanation can improve the quality of people’s lives. A major criticism of the cognitive explanation is that there is contradictory evidence from Lewinsohn (1981). He studied a group of participants before any of them became depressed, and found that those who later become depressed were no more likely to have negative thoughts than those who did not develop depression. This suggests that hopeless and negative thinking may be the result of depression rather than the cause of it. Another criticism is that it is reductionist. It doesn’t regard other factors as responsible for depression, but focuses on the psychological approach to depression. A final weakness is that the psychological explanation of depression is psychologically deterministic. This is because the information suggests that individuals with no social network will become depressed. In reality, this is not always true. If the individual did want a group of friends, then they could get them. This suggests that this explanation does not for freewill. In conclusion, we have seen two different psychological explanations, one is Fraud’s psychodynamic approach, and the other is the cognitive approach. Both identify depression as underlying from a psychological problem. How to cite Two Explanations of Depression, Essays

Fearless Platinum Edition by Taylor Swift free essay sample

Fearless Platinum Edition by Taylor Swift is her â€Å"musical diary.† When you listen to each and every song, you know she’s legit. Not only do the beautiful ballads and rocking tunes display her exquisite voice, but they also showcase her inner-heroine. Maybe she hasn’t had the worst struggles in life ever, but she possesses a kind of courage that several modern artists don’t. Each individual song talks about a different situation in her life whether it’s about her fantasies and realities in high school like in Fifteen, or her ex-boyfriend trauma in Forever and Always, she has her heart on her sleeve. In her previous self-titled album, she introduced her personality to her fans. Taylor sang about her obsession over burning her ex-boyfriends’ pictures in Picture to Burn and helping her friend over come insecurities in Tied Together With A Smile, but now Swift shows even more confidence. We will write a custom essay sample on Fearless Platinum Edition by Taylor Swift or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first track, Jump Then Fall, Taylor Swift talks about trust in relationships. â€Å"I’ll catch you, I’ll catch you,† she sings. Untouchable is more a ballad, where Swift is accompanied by the piano. This one talks about not being able to be with someone, but dreaming of them at night. The third track, Forever Always (Piano Version) is very beautiful describing a traumatic breakup over the phone. On the other hand, in Come in With the Rain, she sings of forgiveness. Superstar is an acoustic that is extremely relevant to teenage girls. Swift wrote about being a fan of a notorious singer and just being an average teen who covets meeting him. The Other Side of the Door tells about what she really is anticipating after a feud: her beau â€Å"to stand outside her window, throwing pebbles screaming, ‘I’m in love with you†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Fearless is a unique tune that I find amazing. It is about being with someone that even when you’re terrified , you find strength to do the impossible. The next song, Fifteen is a memoir of her first year of high school. It tells of the innocence of a freshman that will be naive the first time they fall in love. Love Story is very notorious, and it tells the story of Romeo and Juliet, but in the end, the get married. This track is a fantasy of a â€Å"flawless† relationship. I found Hey Stephen to be similar to her prior album’s Stay Beautiful. Hey Stephen is about having a crush on someone who several other people have a crush on as well. I find the lyric â€Å"All those other girls, well they’re beautiful, but would they write a song for you?† relevant to my life, being [that I’m] a writer. White Horse is a beautiful ballad that discusses her encounter to make her conclude that not every relationship is a fairytale like in the movies. Next, comes You Belong with Me, an upbeat song about wanting someone that is unavailable, yet you know that you were made for each other. Breathe slows things down a bit, and includes Colbie Caillat. It talks about the struggle in letting go of an ex. Tell Me Why is a tune that talks about a boyfriend that thought he was superior to Taylor. You’re Not Sorry is a soft melody about her being done with someone’s continuous mistakes. The Way I Loved You tells the story of a hectic relationship that Swift compares to â€Å"a roller coaster kinda ride.† Forever Always is more fierce that its Piano Version. The Best Day is touching and sugar-coated. It is dedicated to her mother and includes various ages where her mother has assisted and inspired her. It even includes her â€Å"excellent father whose strength is making† her â€Å"stronger† and her little brother who â€Å"God smiles on† and â€Å"inside and out, he’s better than† she â€Å"is.† It shows fans that even Taylor Swift, award-winning pop-country star values her family. The CD conclud es with Change a fierce song about over-coming obstacles in a relationship. When I was finished rocking out to this album for the first time, I read the booklet that came with the CD. After reading a heart-felt introduction written by Taylor, and the lyrics to all 19 tracks, I read the final page with the credits. The first sentence I read was amazingly inspiring. It consisted of Taylor Swift’s definition of Fearless, which was â€Å"having fears, having doubts. Lots of them. To me, Fearless is living in spite of those who scare you to death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That right there tells you who Taylor Allison Swift is: an inspiration, a beautiful soul, a role model, a singer, a writer, and many more amazing titles.

The Witches In Macbeth Essay Example For Students

The Witches In Macbeth Essay 1The witches in Macbeth serve to advance the story, reveal human weakness, heighten the tension and give the audience a hint of things to come, but they do not control Macbeth or anyone else in the play. The only power they have over Macbeth is their ability to reinforce an idea that was already in his head. Their role is made clear when Hecate speaks to them,? And which is worse, all you have doneHath been but for a wayward son.? ( act 3 scene 5 )She suggests that they do not have the power to make him do the evil and mischief that they want. Nor do they need that power. Macbeth is fully capable of doing all the mischief and evil on his own. We will write a custom essay on The Witches In Macbeth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now How do individuals control others? How would the witches control Macbeth? This can usually be done by physical and/or emotional force. Fear and threats, rewards and praise work to control others. These tools work to different degrees on different people. So much of what is called control depends on the person that is being controlled. The promise of a throne may send some people to their knees while others will take to their heels. When the witches hold out their promises to Macbeth the only surety they have is a knowledge of his ambition and his need for power. In the end this was all they needed to be sure of. They may try to manipulate, but they do not need to control. The character flaws that Macbeth has will be enough to fill their needs. It is interesting to note that the witches do not ask for anything in 2return for their prophecies. Macbeth does not have to promise his soul in exchange for any information. His soul was already in trouble before he met the witches. He was their logical choice. At the start of the play, Macbeth and Banquo are returning from the battlefield when they meet the witches. At this time they predict that Macbeth will become Thane of Cawdor and king of Scotland. It is an interesting thought and the start of an idea. He has fought bravely for king and country, but when the first prophecy comes true, and he is made Thane of Cawdor , he says to himself,? The first step toward the ultimate goal, the throne.? ( act 1 scene 3)If he calls the ultimate goal, a throne, then he has been entertaining this idea before. In his life he has prioritized his ambitions, and the title of king is what he considers the highest step. As a brave an honorable leader of the kings army, shouldnt his highest goal be to serve? As an honorable man with strong morals shouldnt his ultimate goal be a decent life and a heavenly reward?Ambition drives Macbeth. He only needs the suggestions of things that might be his to push him on. There is no sense of moral right to keep him from murder. He hesitates only because he fears the earthly consequences not because it would be sinful. ?- If the assassination could trummel up the consequences.- But in these cases we still have judgment here.? ( act 1scene 7)He does not realize that his struggle is not against evil but for good. The witches do not command Macbeth to kill Duncan or anyone else. The3murder of his king is his decision. This is the only way that he can see to reach his ?Ultimate Goal?. One murder leads to another. Macbeth has spun a web that has trapped him in a paranoid mess. Soon he believes that everyone is out to get him. Traitors are behind every stone in his castle. He has no trusted friends left, and even his wife has fallen into a pit of madness. The only way to deal with this is to kill and kill again. He must know what the future holds for him, and again he turns to the witches. Maybe they can reassure him. .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2 , .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2 .postImageUrl , .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2 , .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2:hover , .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2:visited , .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2:active { border:0!important; } .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2:active , .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2 .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u376a881c2019930fa796b968214522a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Civil war 7 EssayAt this stage of the play, Macbeth is in desperate need of some measure of security. The witches are only too happy to oblige. Theyll give him just what he wants almost. Hecate has forecasted Macbeths weakness when she tells the three witches:? And you all know securityIs mortals chiefest enemy.? ( act 3 scene 5 )Now they tell him to beware Macduff, that no man born of woman will harm him, and that he will not be beaten until Birnum Woods marches on his castle. Macbeth is reassured. How can a man not be born of woman, and woods do not walk. He has heard just what he wanted to hear. The last two warnings are what he thinks about and he all but dismisses the first:? Macbeth, Macbeth, Macbeth! BewareMacduff. Beware the Thane of Fife!? ( act 4 scene 1 )Had he listened carefully to the first warning, he undoubtably would have found a way to kill Macduff. But, again the witches have given Macbeth what4 he thought he needed. Time and again, the witches appear in the play. They warn, predict and tempt, but they do not control Macbeth. There is no spell cast over him, no deals are struck or bargains made. He is the master of his own fate. He controls his own life. The decisions are his as well as the sins of his deeds. He is the master of his own fate no matter how gruesome that turned out to be. The witches laid out before Macbeth many of the temptations that await mankind. How these temptations are delt with depends on mans character and moral strength. While the witches tempted, and Lady Macbeth connived, it was ultimately up to Macbeth to say, ? No ? and put away the knife. The Witches In Macbeth Essay Example For Students The Witches In Macbeth Essay THE WITCHES IN MACBETHThe Witches or Weird Sisters play a major role in the brilliant tragedy Macbeth by William Shakespeare. The role of the Weird Sisters represents that equivocal evil in the nature of things which helps to deceive the human will. They are not mere witches although they have some of the powers of witches. Even though they were produced by nature, they share with angels a freedom from limitation of space and time, a power to perceive the causes of things, and to see some distance into human minds (Kermode 1309). The Witches have malicious intentions and prophetic powers that entice Macbeth and captivate his mind. Although they have no power to compel Macbeth, the Witches appeal to Macbeths desires, eventually leading him to his tragic end. We will write a custom essay on The Witches In Macbeth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The most obvious interpretation of the Witches is to see them as manifestations of evil in the world. They exist to tempt and torment people, to challenge their faith in themselves and their society. The Weird Sisters work on Macbeth by equivocation, that is, by ambiguous promises of some future state. These promises come true, but not in the way that the victim originally believed. The Witches have no power to compel belief, but they can obviously appeal strongly to an already existing inclination to force a persons will onto events to shape the future to fit deepest desires (Corson 224-229). At the beginning of Macbeth, there is no interpretation of the meaning of the storm. Dimly the audience is aware of the ongoing war, but Hecate creates an infernal trinity. Lightning, thunder, and rain all whirl into existence the three hideous curses upon humanity, the three Weird Sisters (Walker 146). 1Witch: When shall we three meet again?In thunder, lightning, or in rain?2Witch: When the hurly-burlys done,When the battles lost and won. 3Witch: That will be ere the set of sun. 1Witch: Where the place?2Witch: Upon the heath. 3Witch: There to meet with Macbeth. 1Witch: I come, Graymalkin2Witch: Paddock calls3Witch: Anon!All: Fair is foul, and foul is fair. Hover through the fog and filthy air.(I.i.1-10). These creepers of darkness that guide the Witches invoke the evil that eventually destroys Macbeth. Graymalkin, the night-seeing cat, the nameless toad under the cold stone, whisper to the Weird Sisters perversion of natural order: fair is foul, destroy it; foul is fair, nurture it (Walker 148). Only seconds later an echo of what the Witches said is merely repeated by the words of Macbeth: So foul and fair a day I have not seen(I.iii.38). The same epithets are used as in the last line of the Witches in scene one. It is intended that an unseen relationship has been established between the Witches and Macbeths soul (Corson 231). Macbeth and Banquo notice the Witches simultaneously. The Witches inflame Macbeth, but Banquo shows no magnetic connection. Foul as the Witches are, Macbeth is still fascinated with them; Banquo, however, sees foul as foul (Walker 149). Macbeth: Speak, if you can: what are you?1Witch:All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis!2Witch:All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor!3Witch:All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter! (I.iii.47-50). The All hail of the Third Witch shows that the Sisters have had a look into Macbeths minds construction and have discovered there what they can stimulate into regicide and moral destruction (Corson 231). The speech of Banquo indicates the effect of this All hail upon Macbeths mind, and the no affect upon his own: Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear/ Things that do sound so fair?(I.iii.51-52). There is not anything within the heart of Banquo to cause him to start; and he continues with words that show he has kept his heart with all diligence. He serves admirably as the foil to Macbeth. Banquo:In the name of the truth,/Are ye fantastical, or that indeed/Which outwardly ye show? My noble partner/ You greet with present grace and great prediction/ Of noble having and of royal hope,/ That he seems wrapt withal: to me you speak not./ If you can look into the seeds of time,/ And say which grain will grow and which will not,/ Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear/ Your favors n or your hate.(I.iii.52-61). .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e , .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e .postImageUrl , .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e , .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e:hover , .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e:visited , .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e:active { border:0!important; } .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e:active , .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u57ed9d17c34f1ded3e964c611486a79e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Single parenting and Raising Healthy Children EssayBanquo is not frightened nor enchanted by these witches. He sees foul as foul, but Macbeth is still paralyzed by what the witches predicted and can not see the evil before him. In reply to Banquos command to speak to him, the Witches answer:1Witch:Lesser than Macbeth, and greater. 2Witch:Not so happy, yet much happier. 3Witch: Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none. So all hail, Macbeth and Banquo!1Witch:Banquo and Macbeth, all hail!Macbeth:Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more:By Sinels death I know I am Thane of Glamis, But how of Cawdor?Speak I charge you. Witches vanish (I.iii.65-72,78). It is plainly indicated that Macbeth wants to know more. Without knowing anything of the nature or trustworthiness of the strange beings before him, he is ready to gulp all he can draw from them. Macbeth is wholly absorbed and inflamed by what he has heard and begs of the Sisters to stay. The Witches have set about stimulating and arousing what has originated within his heart already, subjecting him to the temptations he is least able to withstand (Kermode 1309). Upon Ross and Angus arrival the prophecies of the Witches keep repeating in Macbeths mind. The thane of Cawdor? He is stunned, and king hereafter? Macbeth knows not what to think. Ross and Angus announce Macbeth as Thane of Cawdor and immediately excitement flows throughout Macbeths veins by the fulfillment of one of the salutations of the witches. Macbeth, baffled by what has just happened, excitedly asks Banquo: Do you not hope your children shall be kings,/ when those that gave the thane of Cawdor to me,/ promised no less to them?(I.iii.117). According to Corson (234), The reply of Banquo, under the circumstances, makes him appear as the very spokesman of Macbeths good angels. Banquos response: That trusted home/ Might yet enkindle you unto the crown,/ Besides the thane of Cawdor. But tis strange:/ And oftentimes to win us to our harm,/ The instruments of darkness tell us truths,/ Win us with honest trifles, to betray/ Us in deepest consequence.(I.iii.120-126). The entire moral of the tragedy is expressed through this speech. Banquo appears to have been specially designed by Shakespeare, as a counter-agency to the agency of the Weird Sisters. Macbeth could choose to listen to Banquo, but his own evil thoughts bind him to the Witches (Corson 235). The next scene, in which the Witches appear, Hecate enters, scolding them for not inviting her to play along with the destrution of Macbeth. She commands that the three sisters meet her in the morning by the pit of Acheron where Macbeth will come to know his destiny. Macbeth is now in the firm grip of fate. His self-determination is lost, and he is now given over to the powers of evil. All: Double, double toil and trouble;Fire burn, and cauldron bubble. 2Witch: Fillet of a fenny snake,In the cauldron boil and bake: Eye of newt and toe of frog, Wool of bat, and tongue of dog, Adders fork, and blind-worms sting, Lizards leg, and owlets wing. For a charm of powerful trouble;Like a hell-broth boil and bubble.(IV.i.10-19). The disgusting ingredients of the hell-broth the Witches are brewing symbolize the relationship of these demons with the night side of nature. These additives add fuel to the sin-inflamed soul of Macbeth to draw him on to his destruction. With the powers of darkness; poisoned entrails, the toads sweltered venom, fillet of a fenny snake and other revolting things, nature becomes tormented by these hags (Corson 240). Upon the entry of Macbeth, the second witch upturns her nostril into the murky air and exclaims: By the pricking of my thumb, something wicked this way comes. Open locks, whoever knocks.(IV.i.43-45). .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8 , .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8 .postImageUrl , .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8 , .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8:hover , .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8:visited , .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8:active { border:0!important; } .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8:active , .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8 .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u77afb967b7c312e77affb193328feca8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Corporate FinanceA speech of deep significance reveals the nature of these horrible sisters. They have a magnetic sensitiveness to whatever is akin to their own evil nature. Their readiness is open to every one who knocks. The fated career, towards which Macbeth has drifted through the irresistible current of evil forces, now awaits him. The several apparitions which are summoned to address him, are the artificial sprites which Hecate says by the strength of their illusion/shall draw him on to his confusion.(III.v.27-28). The first apparition: an armed head, is generally understood as prefiguring Macbeths head, cut off and brought to Malcolm by Macduff. Macbeth begins to address the apparition with the words: Tell me, thou unknown power, but is interrupted by the First Witch: He knows thy thought:/Hear his speech, but say thou nought.(IV.i.66-68). Here, it is again indicated that everything originates in Macbeths mind. The Witches caution him: Beware Macduff!(IV.i.69). Macbeth replies that he is grateful for this caution, and it fulfills his already established fear of Macduff (Corson 240). It spurs him to kill Macduffs family and followers. The second apparition: a bloody child, represents Macduff untimely ripped from his mothers womb. The powr of man, for none of woman born/Shall harm Macbeth.(IV.i.79). The Witches vanish, and Macbeth learns from Lennox that Macduff has fled to England. The Witches give Macbeth a gratuitous warning against Macduff, and secure for themselves his faith in their guardianship of him. Their warning is not for his safety but for his destruction (Corson 241). The third apparition: a child crowned, with a tree in his hand, prefigures the Kings son, Malcolm, who, as he advances against Macbeth, will order every soldier to take wood from Dunsinane Forest for camouflage. Macbeth shall never vanquished be until/Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill/Shall come against him. (IV.i.90-92). Macbeths confidence in the Witches protecting power has been strengthened by the predictions of the first and second apparitions. The prediction of the third apparition clinches his confidence; Macbeth is positive that moving Dunsinane Forest is impossible, and he now believes his end shall never come. That will never be,(IV.i.93), he replies, as the Witches listen and laugh in silence knowing they have defeated Macbeth by encouraging equivocations. The Witches are gleeful over their victim whose eyeballs have been seared by what has been shown to him. The First Witch says: Come, sisters, cheer we up his sprites,/And show the best of our delights:/ Ill charm the air to give a sound,/While you perform your antic round,/That this great king may kindly say/Our duties did his welcome pay.(IV.i.125-130). This expresses implicitly all that has been set forth in regard to the relations of the Witches to Macbeth. He is the first to welcome them as guest to his bosom, and they do their duty by him as agents of the devil (Corson 242). Although the witches have no power to compel Macbeth, they appealed to what he has previously desired, eventually leading him to his tragic end. They have originated nothing within him. They have but harped upon what was already evil and stimulated these thoughts into acts (Corson 242). In his last scene, the Witches urge him on by more flattering equivocations, each turning false, luring Macbeth to an evil end. Work Cited CorsonWords/ Pages : 1,932 / 24

Philosophers Stone Essays

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Optional - Essay Example Shanghai city has drawn the attention of the globe because of the following reasons: it has one of largest and ever busy seaport, it has dynamically advanced in technology and it is the biggest financial and trade center of China (French, Paul & Matthew, 2010, Pg. 15). Its location is at 121Â °29 east longitude and 31Â °41 north latitude. On the literal ground, it is situated on the southward of river Yangtze and on the eastward side of the coast region of China. It is bordered by Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces on the westward side and on the eastward direction there is a Sea, and on the south there is Hangzhou Bay (French, Paul & Matthew, 2010, Pg. 25). The city is centrally located along the coast of China. Its geographic location is central, and it is connected to various parts of China and also to the World. The rich connection aids commercial activities to take place in it and other places where it links. The availability of sea ports has increased local and international trade activities; it is playing a vital role in development of the global economy. Most of the land of shanghai is flat except some hill areas which are located on the southwest region. The city covers the alluvial plain which is served with water from river Yangtze. The p lains support agriculture that feeds the people of the city and other parts of the country. Shanghai city has many resources of water including rivers and lakes with it with water for both domestic, industrial and agriculture purposes (French, Paul & Matthew, 2010, Pg. 30). Shanghai city has the highest population in China. The number of people who permanently reside there are more than 23 million which comprise of 1.2% of the total population of China. The population density of the city is 2,060 per square kilometer. All the ethnic groups of China are represented in the Shanghai city with the minority group having a population of 105,523 people. Due to the development progress of Shanghai, the

Shute article is at pages 445-458 Crim. L.R 2002, June Coursework

Shute article is at pages 445-458 Crim. L.R 2002, June - Coursework Example In 1997 she was charged with six counts of theft, five counts covering moneys withdrawn and one count of a television set transferred by Mr. Dolphin to the appellant. In November the appellant was tried. The prosecution claimed that the appellant had prejudiced and coerced Mr. Dolphin to make the withdrawals from his account into hers. Evidence produced included documents with the summary of the flow of the funds. Further, Building society employees’ testimonies about the frequent visits by the appellant and Mr. Dolphin to effect the withdrawals was also included. The appellant was claimed to have done most of the talking. A doctor also assessed Mr. Dolphin's I.Q. and found it to be low, claiming that Mr. Dolphin was capable of living a normal and undemanding life. He described him to be naive and trusting so much and as well one with no ideas of the value of his assets or the ability to calculate their value. Although, he acknowledged that Mr. Dolphin would be competent in ma king a gift and understood the concept of ownership. He also thought that Mr. Dolphin was capable of making the decision to deprive himself of money, but that it was unlikely that he could make the decision alone. The appellant denied having no money except a check for a loan. In civil law, transactions that are renderer voidable are transactions involving minor, mental impaired persons, those entered into through duress, undue influence, mistake or misrepresentation. In this case, the transaction was therefore voidable in civil law as Mr. Dolphin was mentally incapacitated. In law, for a gift to be valid, it depends on three things, that is delivery, the intent to donate, and acceptance when done. Although, the court also evaluates to make sure that there is actuality, to make sure that one was not defrauded by the donor, coerced to make the gift, or powerfully prejudiced in an unfair manner. There has to be an intent to deliver the title to the donor. In equity, to make a gift, on e has to reassign legal title to the donee. Law cannot then step in to help if one has not complied with the formalities necessary to transfer legal title to hold on trust for the beneficiary. On her appeal, Hinks grounds were that there was no appropriation since she acquired a perfectly valid gift. The Court of Appeal rejected this ground, stating that the issue that had been made a valid gift was irrelevant to the question of whether there had been an appropriation. Indeed, it held that a gift may be evidence of an appropriation. According to LJ Rose, Section 1 of the Theft Act 1968 does not require that there has been no gift, but merely that there has been an appropriation. Such an approach would be inconsistent with the cases of Lawrence v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1972] A.C. 626 and R v. Gomez [1993] A.C. 442. The state of mind of the donor is irrelevant. It was said that the authorities maintain a strong distinction between the separate ingredients of dishonesty and Appropriation. Shute,1 makes arguments concerning the issue of theft and appropriation. He puts forth the following points; The case sets up a conflict between the criminal and civil law. The law appears to be hypothetical, by telling Hinks that she received a valid gift in civil law, but stole it in criminal law. Steyn LJ, in the majority decision, accepted a possible conflict, but stated that this was acceptable, due to the different goals that civil and criminal laws have. The civil law

What Are The Psychological Causes Of Crime Psychology Essay

What Are The Psychological Causes Of Crime Psychology Essay During the 19th century the concept of an influence of the biological factors on criminal behaviour was strong, due to Charles Darwin publications of the theory of evolution. However, when considering criminological issues, biological and psychological explanations have been rejected for some time. It is worth noting, that in recent times there has been an increasing interest in studying the relationships of biological and psychological factors and criminal behaviour. (Lilly et al, 2007; 20) According to Reid (2006), there is no doubt, that the biological and social factors, especially their interactions are important in understanding and explaining the causes of criminal behaviour. Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909), Italian psychiatrist and anthropologist , is considered today as a father of modern criminology. During his research about criminals, Lombroso relied on a Darwins theory of evolution, to support his own theory, that criminals had not evolved as far as non-criminals. Furthermore, Lombroso compared criminals to wild creatures, who like their wild predecessors, had many atavistic traits, which made them more likely to behave like a wild animals. That was the reason, that Lombroso famously claimed that he had found the biological characteristics, which allows to distinguish criminals according to crimes committed by them. Consequently rapists were characterized by short-handed, narrow forehead, often blonde hair, abnormalities of the nose and in the genital organs area. Lombroso believed that repeat offenders are among those that may be considered criminals by birth, so the two types of criminals were distinguished as a result of his studies about the crimina l behavior. These were criminaloid and insane criminal. According to Lombrosos findings, criminaloid is a person, who is motivated by passion, what with other factors lead to criminal behavior. On the other hand there is an insane criminal, who is epileptic, psychotic, unfit to society, who cannot control his behavior.(Lilly et al, 2007;18-24; Einstadter 2006, 84) Lombrosos views were shared also by Raffaele Garofalo and Enrico Ferri, who stated that any criminal behavior cannot be explained without involving another factors, such as environmental or physic.(Ferri 1901) It is worth considering, that Lombrosos studies were widely criticized, because of showing significant overemphasize of biological causes, while an environmental factors seemed to be neglected by him. As it was stated in Wolfgang cited in Reid (2007; 88) The fears of these critics that Lombroso diverted attention from social to individual phenomena, reveal their basic misunderstanding of his work and its effects (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Lombroso served to direct emphasis from the crime to the criminal, not from social to individual factors Although Lombroso and other positivists had made the foundations for further scientific analysis of criminal behavior, but the effective crime prevention requires changes in the environment and the social structures, which are also important in an explanation of the causes of crime.(Williams,2008; 162) The physical approach of crime and human behavior, shows the assumption that function is determined by structure. The belief, saying that the crime is associated with body build, was introduced in the 1926 by Ernest Kretschmer,(Lilly 2007; 24-28) but the first real development of this issue begun with the scientific work of B. Sheldon in 1940. Sheldon connected psyche and body type with temperament. During his research, Sheldon introduced three body types: ectomorph- tall, skinny boned; endomorph- short, fat bodied; and mesomorph- athletic, well built. Main purposes of his research can be defined as a need of systematic study of human behavior and personality. Sheldon was further criticized about the way his sample was chosen. As it is stated in Cortez and Gatti, Sheldon picked only those persons, who could support his theory. His definition of three body types, has also been criticized because it was not precise enough to easily distinguish them. (Cortez, 1972;8). The next step in an explanation of criminal behavior is to take closer look at the history of the family just to find out, if whether the family has had a cases of criminal behavior. The early studies of family were conducted by Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor Glueck. Researchers concentrated on family history to find the possible explanation of criminal activity. But it is worth to remind, that the family studies have been discredited because it was not methodologically sophisticated enough to permit significant conclusion. Although there was a basic difficulty in family studies, which consisted of the impossibility to control the environment, the family was existing and developing, it was necessary to take further steps in an explanation of a correlation between family background and criminal behavior of ones. This inconvenience led researchers to introduce two other methods of studying genetic factors and criminality. Those studies included the environment , as the most important facto r affecting peoples behavior and leading to crime. Finally, aim of those studies were to find an explanation about the generations of violence and deviance within the families. Those two methods were studies of adoption and studies of twins.(Williams,2008; 139) Studies of twins were conducted by Karl O. Christiansen, who studied the occurrence of criminal behavior among twins in Denmark, between year of 1881 and 1910. Christiansen stated that if one of twins is engaged in criminal activity, the probability that the second twin will also do so was 35%, and only 12% if the twins were fraternal. His studies were continued and updated by Sarnoff A. Mednick and his colleagues, who concluded that genetic factors for some variables are linked with criminal behavior. Mednicks studies were criticized because of possibility of methodological errors, but finally were confirmed, despite of those errors occurrence there is an evidence of correlation between genetic factors and criminal behavior. (Burke 2009, 69-70) Another important issue in Mednicks research were studies of adoption. With his colleagues, Mednick conducted adoption studies in Denmark, using a sample of 72000 from Denmarks adoption registry. Mednick stated that the tendency to criminal activity was higher among those adoptees, whose biological parents were criminals. Moreover, research showed that there were much higher tendencies of criminal behavior in adoptees, who had both biological and adoptive parents engaged in criminal activity. His research undoubtedly proved that genetic factors cannot be ignored when explaining causes of criminal behavior. (Mednick et al, 1987; 67-80) Family studies were also a tool used to get the information about possible psychological explanations of crime. Early psychologists were focused mainly on intelligence traits. Research traced criminality in the same family through generations, showed that the mental retardation was the main cause of criminal behavior. It is worth to consider that one of the earliest explanation of the criminality in the middle ages, was demonology. People believed in evil spirits, which while possessing individuals, caused nasty behavior. Only exorcism seemed to be the right treatment, which could save possessed person from doing wrong things. In fifteenth century some beliefs arose that people, who were behaving badly, were actively cooperating with devil. In the enlightenment great discoveries about human body and mind were made, researchers started to be interested in human anatomy, physiology, neurology, medicine and chemistry. Causes of physical illnesses were discovered, and therefore researche rs applied that there must be reasons, which causes mental disorders. Those assumptions led to development of psychiatry, defined as the prevention, diagnosis and treatment in mental illnesses. According to psychiatry approach, each person is individual and requires specific treatment and an individual case study. William Healy was the first, who used the case study to explain delinquent behavior., and the case study seemed to be the only way to penetrate the ones background, concentrating mainly on emotional development. Healy and his associates showed that delinquents were more likely to have personality disorders than non-delinquents. Although Healy et al introduced and popularized the case-study method, their studies may be criticized because of using too small samples as well as giving too little information on the way of measuring the concepts and characteristics. . (Reid 2006; 102-103) Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is widely known as the father of psychoanalytic theory. Freud introduced the concept of unconscious, and according to that, humans live with mental conflicts between desires and energies, the most basic instincts, which must be hidden because of societys morality. The natural drivers can often be expressed by some persons in some ways, usually indirect, to avoid reaction of others. Freud saw twofold nature of every human being- assertive and aggressive. Aggression could not be learnt, but rooted deeply inside the mind. That was the reason why Freud stated, that everyone have the criminal tendencies, but during the socialization process, people learnt how to control it effectively.(Myers, 1995; 462-465) According to Halarambos(1991), the psychiatric approach may be criticized for some reasons- the terms were vague, no definitions for most concepts were given and the most of data were subjectively interpreted by the researchers, as well as the research were ba sed on small samples.(Halarambos, 1991; 584-585). In 1985 year publication Crime and Human Nature authors James Q Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein stated that there is a link between criminal activity and a level of intelligence, especially low. However authors were criticized because of stating that low level of intelligence and crime appear together in the same group, but there were no significant evidence that low level of intelligence causes criminal behavior.(Wilson 1985, 148-164). According to Benson not only people with low level of intelligence commit crime, but there are also very bright criminals, especially white-collar criminals , so when taking intelligence level to consideration, it is important to consider also type of the crime committed. However, those with lower intelligence level are more likely to be arrested, charged and convicted.(Benson 2009, 19-50) 4/4/2011

Philosophy of Teaching Statement :: Educating Education Essays Teacher

Philosophy of Teaching Statement As a freshman in college, I was faced with one of the most important decisions of my life. I had to decide where I wanted my college education to go and what I wanted to become as an adult. My whole freshman year, I struggled to make a decision. My family encouraged me to major in business, because even if I didn’t like my job they felt that I could make a lot of money and have financial security. They didn’t feel like education was the right career for me. I felt like it was important for me to have a career that was emotionally fulfilling to me rather than having a career that I would make a lot of money. I have always enjoyed math; I took many extra math classes while I was in high school. I also wanted to become a teacher. Finally in the last few months of the year I came to a decision; I decided I wanted to become a math teacher and teach eighth grade math. So, I decided to pursue a degree in math and general science (5-9) Education. It was a hu ge relief to me when I finally decided to become a teacher; I feel very happy with the decision I have made. I want to make a positive difference in kids’ lives and I feel this is the best way for me to do that. No two students are alike so, you have to respond accordingly. Some students come to school to learn and make a life for themselves. Other students only come to school because it is a requirement. Teachers cannot expect to have only students who want to be in school. Teachers must use different teaching methods in order to make sure that all the students learn the material, which is where teaching philosophies come into play. In our education classes we are asked to think about the types of educational philosophies we will use in our classrooms to teach. My views on education philosophies are eclectic. I agree with essentialism, progressivism, and behaviorism. The core of a teacher is his or her beliefs and philosophies.