The Nature Of Philosophy On The Book Apology By Plato

Short Essay Question: The Nature of Philosophy In the book Apology by Plato, Socrates refers himself to a gadfly as a metaphor of his service to his community and city. In this essence, Socrates was explaining to the people of Athens that like an annoying gadfly to a horse, his service through his insights and challenges to the people in authority is in fact for their own benefit (Brickhouse, 121). A gadfly agitates a horse out of sluggishness and ends up benefitting the horse as it ends up feeding and being productive. Socrates through his insights and questioning of the people around the city was a means of passing knowledge. The debates they generated enlightened a lot of the Athenians of corruption and negligence conducted by the people in power. It is for this reason that the mighty people in the government ensured that they defeated Socrates before he stirred up a revolution against their system. This metaphor is considered a characteristic of philosophy because it fundamentally elaborates the basic thought behind philosoph y as a discipline and a school of thought. Philosophy can be defined as the study of ideas to denote knowledge, truth and meaning of these ideas in relation to human life. In this regard therefore, philosophy becomes a study of the underlying issues and facts to explain the nature of our realities. The gadfly metaphor is thus considered a characteristic of philosophy as it pertains to the aspect of people analyzing and defining their realitiesShow MoreRelatedBiography of Socrates, An Annotated Bibliography1581 Words   |  6 Pages61-79. Humanities International Complete. Print. Dylan, the senior lecturer of the Department of Philosophy at University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg and author of several articles provides the argument that a satisfactory interpretation of human wisdom can be given in terms of â€Å"philosophia†.He confirms his analysis by its resolution of some enduring difficulties in the interpretation of Apology and also by providing the answer as to why Socrates continued to search for knowledge which he thoughtRead MoreThe Great Philosopher728 Words   |  3 PagesBowman Mrs. Rose Ap History January 21, 2017 The Great Philosopher Plato Plato is known as one of ancient Greece’s greatest philosophers. Plato was born in Athens, Greece during 428 BCE. Some people believe that Plato s real name is Aristocles, if in fact this is true he would have received this name from his grandfather. Historians believed that Plato had two full brother, one sister, and one half brother. They are unsure if Plato was the eldest. They believe that he was since he inherited his grandfatherRead More Platos Criticism of Democracy Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pagesunjust and illegal happenings in the city. A man who really fights for justice must lead a private, not a public, life if he is to survive for even a short time. (Apology 31e-32a) These are the words of Socrates, who spoke before the Athenian jury in the trial that would, ultimately, condemn him to his death. Through works such as the Apology and The Republic, we can see Plato’s distaste of the concept of democracy. Why does he consider democracy to be so flawed? Let us look through his own eyes andRead MorePlato, An Ancient Greek Philosopher1458 Words   |  6 Pages Plato, an Ancient Greek Philosopher by Carly Rittenmeyer Bible and the Ancient World Spring 2015 Plato, a Greek Philosopher, is known for his writings that impacted people in the Ancient Greek society. He was a free thinker and lived in a free city, Athens. He was taught by multiple teachers including Socrates who was frequently mentioned in his writings as the central character. Plato’s novel, The Republic, influenced the idea of government and showsRead MoreBook Report on Apology Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesBook Report on Apology In the â€Å"Apology†, Socrates tackles his accusers against certain accusations made against him in the Court of Law of Athens, Greece. The nature of the accusation that has caused him to stand trial is such that â€Å"Socrates is an evil-doer, and a curious person, who searches into things under the earth and in heaven, and he makes the worse appear the better cause; and he teaches the aforesaid doctrines to others† (Plato. The Republic and other plays. pg-449. Doubleday publishing;Read MoreDo Not Be Angry With Me For Speaking Th1627 Words   |  7 Pagesunjust and illegal happenings in the city. A man who really fights for justice must lead a private, not a public, life if he is to survive for even a short time. (Apology 31e-32a) These are the words of Socrates, who spoke before the Athenian jury in the trial that would, ultimately, condemn him to his death. Through works such as the Apology and The Republic, we can see Plato’s distaste of the concept of democracy. Why does he consider democracy to be so flawed? Let us look through his own eyes andRead MoreSocrates as Philosopher King Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pageswriters have left a unique stamp on humanity.   But only a select few can be said to have changed history.   The legendary Athenian, Socrates, was one such figure.   Socrates ushered in an era of philosophical inquiry that still lingers to this day.   In Book Seven of Platos The Republic, Socrates outlines his perfect regime.   According to Socrates, an enlightened Philosopher-King must rule such a regime.   Now suppose this Republic actually came into being, and Socrates was asked to rule it as a PhilosopherRead MorePlato Is One Of The Greatest And Well Known Philosophers1388 W ords   |  6 Pages Plato is one of the greatest and well known philosophers of all time. Born around 428 BC, Plato grew up in Greece learning from Socrates, another well known philosopher. Later in life, Plato taught Aristotle who was also a well known philosopher. His works of writing and thoughts about life have significantly impacted the Western culture in numerous ways. In selected readings of Plato, he seems to place importance on wisdom, and how to attain wisdom. Plato argues that in order to attain pure knowledgeRead MoreThe Trial and Death of Socrates Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesThe portrayal of Socrates, through the book â€Å"the trial and death of Socrates† is one that has created a fairly controversial character in Western history. In many ways, Socrates changed the idea of common philosophy in ancient Greece; he transformed their view on philosophy from a study of why the way things are, into a consideration man. Specifically, he analyzed the virtue and he alth of the human soul. Along side commending Socrates for his strong beliefs, and having the courage to stand by thoseRead More Apology for Poetry Essay1900 Words   |  8 PagesAn â€Å"Apology for Poetry† is a compelling essay refuting the attack on poetry by Puritan and fundamentalist Stephen Gosson. This complex article written by Sir Phillip Sidney represents the decisive rebuttal defending poetry. His strong emotive passages defend the uncongenial comments of poetry from Gosson. Although, his justification for the rebuttal is alluded to Gosson’s durable attacks on poetry; it is known Gosson’s remarks prompt Sidney’s attitude to defend not only against Gosson but as well

Personal Learning And Insights From Ob 1 Class Sessions,...

MANAGING SELF ASSIGNMENT Personal Learning Paper of max 8 pages in length summarizing the key learning and insights derived from OB 1 class sessions, and your proposed plan for your Personal Development Plan. PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES CHECKLIST Your personal style or personality traits are an accumulation of particular traits and attributes that characterize you and make you special. Knowing your personal style and adjusting this to a vocation bearing is a key variable to joy and achievement in work/life. Realize that you can and will be required to work outside of your personal style, yet in the event that you make your profession pathway in view of your personality you will probably discover a workplace where you can act naturally. To start with personal attributes we were given a checklist and asked to identifying our personal attributes by using the attributes checklist and think about how you and others would describe you and capture who you are by doing so we were able to oneself and how others think about you. Personal attributes checklist may include: †¢ Sincere †¢ Intelligent †¢ Indecisive †¢ Warm †¢ Friendly †¢ Bold †¢ Caring †¢ Courteous †¢ Good Natured †¢ Hot Tempered †¢ Open †¢ Emotional †¢ Trustworthy †¢ outspoken JOHARI WINDOW: The Johari Window model is a basic and helpful device for outlining and enhancing mindfulness, and shared comprehension between people inside of a gathering. The Johari Window model can likewise be utilized to evaluate and enhance a bunch sShow MoreRelatedThe Key Learning And Insights Derived From Ob 1 Class Sessions, And Your Proposed Plan For Your Personal Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesMANAGING SELF ASSIGNMENT Personal Learning Paper of max 8 pages in length summarizing the key learning and insights derived from OB 1 class sessions, and your proposed plan for your Personal Development Plan. Organisational Behaviour has always been one of the subjects I have enjoyed studying. I was first introduced to this subject in college while pursuing B.B.A., but the lectures taught in college were all theoretical and not practical at all. 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Two Explanations of Depression Free Essays

Describe and evaluate two psychological explanations of depression. (25 marks) There have been several psychoanalytical theories of depression; there is no objective view of depression. However, centre to all these different theories is the idea that unconscious forces and experiences during early childhood contribute to the development of depression in adult life. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Explanations of Depression or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first theory that will be looked at is, Sigmund Fraud’s theory, based on his 1917 essay ‘Mourning and Melancholia’. Here, Fraud related depression back to the Oral stage of development during childhood. The Oral stage, according to Fraud, this is the first of several psychosexual stages through which human infants develop towards maturity. It is characterised by dependency on their caregiver. It is possible to become fixated (stuck) at any one of these stages and this has consequences for later development. Fixation can occur as the result of either over-or under-gratification. This very dependant nature makes them particularly venerable to depression in their adult life. They spend energy, money and more looking for love and attention and approval of others, this could lead to anger if their needs aren’t met. However, this anger is directed inwardly, at themselves instead of at others. An example of this is with the loss of a loved one, their anger is directed inwardly at the loss of their loved one, regressing back to the Oral stage. Fraud also distinguished between actual loss, in the case of the loss of a loved one and symbolic loss, loss of a job. However, both do lead to depression, as the individual re-experiences a childhood episode when they experienced loss of affection from a caregiver. There has also been a link between Low self-esteem and depression. Bibring’s psychodynamic theory (1965) stated that low self-esteem brought about by a harsh and critical upbringing could result in depression. This perfectionist parenting style can produce a wide inconsistency between the child’s true nature and its ideal nature, the individual fails to live up to his/her unrealistic ego-ideal. This supports the theory that fixation on a childhood stage or experience can lead to depression later in life. According to Fraud, in order to avoid loss turning into depression, the individual needs to engage in a period of mourning, work, during which s/he recalls memories of the lost one. This allows the individual to separate him/herself from the lost person, and so reduces the inner-directed anger. However, individuals very dependent on others for their sense of self-esteem may be unable to do this, and so remain extremely depressed. There is some evidence for the idea that a set of dependant personality traits characterise people with depression. However, these traits appear to fluctuate with the level of depression so they might be an effect of the disorder rather than a causal factor. There is also support for the idea that the loss of a parent to death or divorce can be linked to later depression (Bifulco et al. 1987). Further research has shown that depressed people tend to be more aggressive than a control group of people who don’t suffer from depression. The strengths of the psychodynamic approach to depression are that, firstly, there is further empirical support provided by Waller et al (2000). Men who had lost their fathers during childhood scored h igher on a depression scale than those fathers who had not died. Furthermore, Bifulco (1992) found evidence that children whose mothers died in childhood were more likely to experience depression later in life. This suggests that there is wider academic credibility for the idea of depression being caused by psychological factors. On the other hand, one weakness of Fraud’s expression is that there is contradictory evidence by Cooper et al (1992). Loss probably explains only a relatively small percentage of cases of depression – only about 10% of those who experience early loss later become depressed. This produces refuting evidence for depression being caused by psychodynamic explanations. Another weakness of Fraud’s theory is that there are methodological problems. The associated therapy (psychoanalysis) has not proven very effective with treating depression (Comer, 2002). This may be because of the difficulty depressed patients having in communicating during psychoanalysis; this proves that psychoanalysis is not always affective. Finally, Fraud’s theory is psychologically deterministic. The reason for this is because Fraud suggests that depression occurs due to a dominant superego. However, just because an individual’s superego is dominant, doesn’t mean that they will develop depression. This suggests that Freud’s theory does not take into consideration freewill. Another psychological explanation of depression is the cognitive approach. Beck (1967) was struck by the negative thinking shown by depressed clients and developed his own explanation. Here, he suggested that depressed is the depression is the result of negative thinking and catastrophising, which he called ‘cognitive errors’, Beck (1991) believes that depression is a disorder of thought, rather than of mood, he maintained that there are three components to depression, which he called the cognitive triad. This consisted of negative and pessimistic thoughts about themselves, the world and their future. In addition to the cognitive triad, Beck believed that depression prone individuals develop negative self-schema. They possess a set of beliefs and expectations about themselves that are essentially negative and pessimistic. He identified this as being routed to an early traumatic childhood event. E. g. Death of a parent or sibling, parental rejection, criticism, overprotection or neglect. It could also be due to bullying. People with negative self schemas become prone to making logical errors in their thinking and they tend to focus selectively on certain aspects of a situation while ignoring equal relevant information. Beck referred to these errors as ‘cognitive distortations’, including drawing conclusions under the basis of sufficient or irrelevant information. E. g. feeling worthless because the weather disturbed your plans to go to a concert. He called this arbitrary interference. Others include selective abstraction. This is focusing on a single aspect of a situation and ignoring others: E. g. you feel responsible for your team losing a match, even though you are simply one player on the field. Thirdly, is overgeneralisation. This is making a sweeping conclusion on the basis of single event. Others include magnification and minimisation, as well as personalisation. Beck (1983) has modified his theory over the years and he now believes there are two types of negative schema that characterise depression: 1. Sociotropy-This relates to interpersonal relationships, and individuals with this type of negative schema perceive themselves as failing at relationships. Their core belief could be something like, ‘If I am not liked by everyone, I am worthless’ 2. Autonomy-This relates to personal achievement, and individuals with this type of negative schema perceive themselves as failing to achieve work- or study-related goals. Their core belief could be something like, ‘If I am not successful and in control, I am worthless’. Cognitive theories of depression have been extremely influential and have stimulated huge amounts of research that have contributed to our understanding of the disorder and how to treat it. They have given rise to a range of therapies and, on the whole, these seem to have been very helpful for people with depression. Beck’s later idea that ndividual personality differences can predict the type of event that triggers depression could be used to explain some of the different symptoms sub-type. However, it is difficult to determine the next extent to which distorted cognitive patterns cause depression. Numerous studies have shown that depressed people do indeed show more negative thinking than the contr ol groups. However, as yet there is no convincing evidence that such thinking precedes a depressive episode. It seems likely that negative thinking is a consequence of depression and that it might well serve to maintain the disorder rather than explain its origins. One strength of the cognitive approach is that it has practical applications provided by Butler and Beck (2000). They reviewed 14 meta-analyses investigating the effectiveness of Beck’s cognitive therapy and concluded that about 80% of adults benefited from the therapy. It was also found that the therapy was more successful than drug therapy and had a lower relapse rate; supporting the proposition that depression has a cognitive basis. This suggested that knowledge of the cognitive explanation can improve the quality of people’s lives. A major criticism of the cognitive explanation is that there is contradictory evidence from Lewinsohn (1981). He studied a group of participants before any of them became depressed, and found that those who later become depressed were no more likely to have negative thoughts than those who did not develop depression. This suggests that hopeless and negative thinking may be the result of depression rather than the cause of it. Another criticism is that it is reductionist. It doesn’t regard other factors as responsible for depression, but focuses on the psychological approach to depression. A final weakness is that the psychological explanation of depression is psychologically deterministic. This is because the information suggests that individuals with no social network will become depressed. In reality, this is not always true. If the individual did want a group of friends, then they could get them. This suggests that this explanation does not for freewill. In conclusion, we have seen two different psychological explanations, one is Fraud’s psychodynamic approach, and the other is the cognitive approach. Both identify depression as underlying from a psychological problem. How to cite Two Explanations of Depression, Essays

Fearless Platinum Edition by Taylor Swift free essay sample

Fearless Platinum Edition by Taylor Swift is her â€Å"musical diary.† When you listen to each and every song, you know she’s legit. Not only do the beautiful ballads and rocking tunes display her exquisite voice, but they also showcase her inner-heroine. Maybe she hasn’t had the worst struggles in life ever, but she possesses a kind of courage that several modern artists don’t. Each individual song talks about a different situation in her life whether it’s about her fantasies and realities in high school like in Fifteen, or her ex-boyfriend trauma in Forever and Always, she has her heart on her sleeve. In her previous self-titled album, she introduced her personality to her fans. Taylor sang about her obsession over burning her ex-boyfriends’ pictures in Picture to Burn and helping her friend over come insecurities in Tied Together With A Smile, but now Swift shows even more confidence. We will write a custom essay sample on Fearless Platinum Edition by Taylor Swift or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first track, Jump Then Fall, Taylor Swift talks about trust in relationships. â€Å"I’ll catch you, I’ll catch you,† she sings. Untouchable is more a ballad, where Swift is accompanied by the piano. This one talks about not being able to be with someone, but dreaming of them at night. The third track, Forever Always (Piano Version) is very beautiful describing a traumatic breakup over the phone. On the other hand, in Come in With the Rain, she sings of forgiveness. Superstar is an acoustic that is extremely relevant to teenage girls. Swift wrote about being a fan of a notorious singer and just being an average teen who covets meeting him. The Other Side of the Door tells about what she really is anticipating after a feud: her beau â€Å"to stand outside her window, throwing pebbles screaming, ‘I’m in love with you†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Fearless is a unique tune that I find amazing. It is about being with someone that even when you’re terrified , you find strength to do the impossible. The next song, Fifteen is a memoir of her first year of high school. It tells of the innocence of a freshman that will be naive the first time they fall in love. Love Story is very notorious, and it tells the story of Romeo and Juliet, but in the end, the get married. This track is a fantasy of a â€Å"flawless† relationship. I found Hey Stephen to be similar to her prior album’s Stay Beautiful. Hey Stephen is about having a crush on someone who several other people have a crush on as well. I find the lyric â€Å"All those other girls, well they’re beautiful, but would they write a song for you?† relevant to my life, being [that I’m] a writer. White Horse is a beautiful ballad that discusses her encounter to make her conclude that not every relationship is a fairytale like in the movies. Next, comes You Belong with Me, an upbeat song about wanting someone that is unavailable, yet you know that you were made for each other. Breathe slows things down a bit, and includes Colbie Caillat. It talks about the struggle in letting go of an ex. Tell Me Why is a tune that talks about a boyfriend that thought he was superior to Taylor. You’re Not Sorry is a soft melody about her being done with someone’s continuous mistakes. The Way I Loved You tells the story of a hectic relationship that Swift compares to â€Å"a roller coaster kinda ride.† Forever Always is more fierce that its Piano Version. The Best Day is touching and sugar-coated. It is dedicated to her mother and includes various ages where her mother has assisted and inspired her. It even includes her â€Å"excellent father whose strength is making† her â€Å"stronger† and her little brother who â€Å"God smiles on† and â€Å"inside and out, he’s better than† she â€Å"is.† It shows fans that even Taylor Swift, award-winning pop-country star values her family. The CD conclud es with Change a fierce song about over-coming obstacles in a relationship. When I was finished rocking out to this album for the first time, I read the booklet that came with the CD. After reading a heart-felt introduction written by Taylor, and the lyrics to all 19 tracks, I read the final page with the credits. The first sentence I read was amazingly inspiring. It consisted of Taylor Swift’s definition of Fearless, which was â€Å"having fears, having doubts. Lots of them. To me, Fearless is living in spite of those who scare you to death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That right there tells you who Taylor Allison Swift is: an inspiration, a beautiful soul, a role model, a singer, a writer, and many more amazing titles.